(If you have completed the previous activities in this module, then you have already completed this module. You only need to do the present activity if you are aiming to complete this module at the Advanced level.)
Go through a paper and identify each key result (i.e., each important comparison or effect—usually this will mean each thing tested with a p-value) in the paper. For each key result, describe whether it's exploratory or confirmatory, and whether it's experimental or observational, and why. (Note that one study may include a mix of things—it may include some experimental and some observational manipulations, and it may include some exploratory analyses and some confirmatory analyses.)
by Stephen Politzer-Ahles. Last modified on 2021-05-02. CC-BY-4.0.