GRB

Civilian GPS signal designed for interoperability between GPS and international satellite navigation systems, it uses the same frequency as L1 signal but designed for civilian use.

Frequency Band of 1227.60MHz for carrying L2 Civillian (L2C) Code signals, P Code signals and M Code signals.

Civilian GPS signal designed for commercial use, has the same frequency as the L2 signal and can enable ionospheric correction when combined with L1 C/A in a dual frequency receiver.

Frequence Band of 1176.45MHz for carrying In-Phase Code (I5 Code) signals and Quadraphase Code (Q5 Code) signal.

Local Area Differential Global Positioning System

Method for polynomial interpolation in numerical analysis.

Nth degree polynomial approximation formula to function (f(x)) which has descrete points/values.

Type of Conformal Projection, it is now often used as a fundamental step for mathematical development for projections, graticules on the projection form arcs and scale distortion is most prominent at the poles.

A type of Conic Projection with conformal properties, mainly used for aeronautical charts, with meridians represented as straight lines converging at nearest poles.

Rough surface which reflects uniformly in all directions.

Flow of liquid when it travels smoothly without turbulance.

Local Area Network

System and processes for governing land, the way in which land tenure rules are applied and operated.

Physical material and/or features covering the surface of the Earth (e.g., grass, asphalt, trees, water, etc…)

Written document to record transfer of ownership of land.

Grant of public land or its privileges by the governing authority.

The technique and science to accurately determine position of points.

Within common law system, it defines the individuals (owners) who holds ownership of the land.

Proof of ownership and rights over land.

Mapping resulted from classifying raw satellite data into "land use and land cover" (LULC) categories based on the return value of the satellite image.

Categorization of land according to use (e.g. agricultural, residential, and commercial), the usage of land related to the human activities or economic functions in a specific area, like urban use, residential use.

Landsat is a program represents the world's longest continuously acquired collection of space-based moderate-resolution land remote sensing data by a series satellites to provide images for those who work in agriculture, geology, forestry, regional planning, education, mapping, and global(...)

Technique used to smooth categorical data.

Photos having a scale of 1:12000 or larger.

Laser Scanning is a non-contact, non-destructive technology that digitally and rapidly captures the shape of physical objects,buildings and landscapes using laser beams.

Correlator used for tracking phase and correlation peak of signal, it is when the replica signal generated from the receiver is shifted later in time than the incoming signal.

Process of alignment control of survey boat, could be difficult in cases of strong current.

Denoted as (φ), it is an imaginary line on Earth's surface, parallel to Equator, measured at 0ᵒ - 90ᵒ North or 0ᵒ - 90ᵒ South.

Location-based Services

Liquid Crystal Display

Lines, either a graduated hemp line or metal chain, with leaden weight attached.

Component on Quad Tree, quadrant that has same cell values.

Method of Underground Utility Surveying to detect Leakage under surface.

Equipment for WLD Survey.

Kinematic mode of GPS surveying where it involves two receivers, each taking the roving in turns so that only one receiver is a roving station at any one time.

Iterative method of path analysis with a Cost Raster, where the cost (i.e., time, distance, etc…) for moving across the cells and along the path is calculated.

A standard approach to approximate solution of overdetermined system minimizing the sum of the squared of error made in each single equation

An adjustment performed in order to eliminate the inconsisitency of overdetermined system.

Network analysis of cost (e.g., time, distance, etc…) of path between locations, returns path that has accumulated the least cost.

An element on the map that describes symbols, colours and lines used on the map to represent real-life phenomenas/objects.

Ability to clearly identify elements on image/medium.

Lens distortion,including pincushion distortion, barrel distortion and linear distortion, is a deviation caused by optic lens perspective and cannot be eliminated completely.

Structure (embankment) built to control flooding and/or river overflow.

Complexity of data and data structure/database.

Type: 1) Height of Collimation Method 2) Rise-Fall Method

An enhancement technique by means of the DNs distributed along the x axis of an image histogram are divided into a series of analyst-specified intervals or ""slices"".

Telescopic instruments that can take height readings with the aid of a graduated rod. Type: 1) Dumpy Level 2) Tilting Level 3) Automatic Level 4) Digital Level

Low Frequency Range

Left Hand Circular Polarized

Local Geodetic Horizon System