- When the final "i", "in" or "ing" is a syllable by itself, add "y" before "i"; when the final "u" is a syllable by itself, add "w" before "u", as seen below.
- When the following finals starting with "i" are syllables on its own, the "i" should be replaced by "y":
- When the following finals starting with "u" are syllables on its own, the "u" should be replaced by "w":
- When "ü" or a final begins with "ü" is a syllable by itself, precede it with a "y" and remove the two dots from the "ü", for example,
- When "ü" or a final begins with "ü" is combined with "j", "q", or "x", the two dots on the "ü" should be removed, for example,
-
When they are used alone without an initial, the primary vowels in these finals are retained, but the beginning "i" and "u" of the syllables should be replaced by "y" or "w", as seen below.
- When the finals "iou", "uei" and "uen" are preceded by an initial consonant in syllables, they are written as "iu", "ui" and "un" in Pinyin, as seen below.
The tone mark should be placed on the primary vowel of a final.
- If there is only one vowel in the final of a syllable, the tone mark is placed on that vowel. Note that when the tone mark is placed on "i", the dot of "i" should be removed, for example:
- If a syllable contains a final with two or three vowels, the tone mark is generally placed on the primary vowel that is loudest and requires the widest mouth opening, that is, the tone mark is placed on the vowel according to this order of priority: "a", "o", "e", "i", "u", "ü". For example, in "niǎo", the tone mark is written above the "a" because "a" is louder than "o" and "i". For example:
- If there is "iu" or "ui" in a syllable, the tone mark should be placed on the second vowel of the final, for instance:
bā mó gé dǐ zhù lǜ
bāi méi dǎo gòu jiā xiāo bié zhuā guó huài lüě
liú huí
The final "er" does not follow an initial in a syllable, but it can be merged with the preceding syllable, as a retroflex ending. When it is a retroflex ending of a syllable, "r" instead of "er" is used. For example,
An apostrophe is used for syllables beginning with "a", "o", and "e" without initials, in order to separate it from the previous syllable. For example,
